Chapter 13 - Ancient Greek Demonstratives - From Alpha to Omega by Anne Groton

Demonstratives
"Demonstratives are words that point out or call attention to particular persons or things." 

"A demonstrative is by nature an adjective, but it becomes a pronoun (i.e., a substitute for a noun) when used substantively."  For example: This book is red. versus This is red. 

NOTE* Demonstrative adjectives can come before or after the noun it's modifying, but must be in the predicate position (not in between the definite article and noun). 

NOTE* The noun being modified may have its definite article, but it is not translated. 

ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε - "This"/"These" (Near)

- Something close to the speaker or what follows next in the sentence. 

- It is a combination of the definite articles and δε.

- Remember ε is elided if the next word starts with a vowel. 

Case	Masculine (ὅδε)	Feminine (ἥδε)	Neuter (τόδε)
Nominative Singular	ὅδε	ἥδε	τόδε
Genitive Singular	τοῦδε	τῆσδε	τοῦδε
Dative Singular	τῷδε	τῇδε	τῷδε
Accusative Singular	τόνδε	τήνδε	τόδε
Nominative Plural	οἵδε	αἵδε	τάδε
Genitive Plural	τῶνδε	τῶνδε	τῶνδε
Dative Plural	τοῖσδε	ταῖσδε	τοῖσδε
Accusative Plural	τούσδε	τάσδε	τάδε

οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο - "This"/"These" or "That"/"Those" (Farther)

- Points to someone/thing close to the speaker

- Points to what was said in the previous sentence. "The dog was so fast. This is a true statement." 

- Labels someone/thing as well known. 

- Phrase for "the latter". 

NOTE* The stems use "ou" unless ending contains a "η" or "α", then it changes to "au". 

NOTE* The nominative may be used in place of the vocative. So "οὗτος" can mean "you there!" 

- Forming the masculine is: "τούτ (+) 2nd dec. endings" (except nominatives) 

- Forming the feminine is: "ταύτ (+) pure η endings" (except nominatives) 

- Forming the neuter is: "τούτ/ταύτ (+) 2nd dec. neut endings" (except nom and acc sing.) 

NOTE* If the next word has a rough breathing vowel, it can become ταυθ/τουθ.

Case	Masculine (οὗτος)	Feminine (αὕτη)	Neuter (τοῦτο)
Nominative Singular	οὗτος	αὕτη	τοῦτο
Genitive Singular	τούτου	ταύτης	τούτου
Dative Singular	τούτῳ	ταύτῃ	τούτῳ
Accusative Singular	τοῦτον	ταύτην	τοῦτο
Nominative Plural	οὗτοι	αὗται	ταῦτα
Genitive Plural	τούτων	τούτων	τούτων
Dative Plural	τούτοις	ταύταις	τούτοις
Accusative Plural	τούτους	ταύτας	ταῦτα

ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο - "That"/"Those" (Farthest Away)

- Points out someone/something far away from the speaker. 

- Labels something as well known. 

- Can mean "the former". 

- Is formed by "ἐκείν (+) 1st and 2nd endings" 

Case	Masculine (ἐκεῖνος)	Feminine (ἐκείνη)	Neuter (ἐκεῖνο)
Nominative Singular	ἐκεῖνος	ἐκείνη	ἐκεῖνο
Genitive Singular	ἐκείνου	ἐκείνης	ἐκείνου
Dative Singular	ἐκείνῳ	ἐκείνῃ	ἐκείνῳ
Accusative Singular	ἐκεῖνον	ἐκείνην	ἐκεῖνο
Nominative Plural	ἐκεῖνοι	ἐκεῖναι	ἐκεῖνα
Genitive Plural	ἐκείνων	ἐκείνων	ἐκείνων
Dative Plural	ἐκείνοις	ἐκείναις	ἐκείνοις
Accusative Plural	ἐκεῖνους	ἐκείνας	ἐκεῖνα