Hover (or tap-and-hold on a phone) any underlined Greek word for parsing: case, number, gender; or tense, mood, voice, person, number.
Brick-red dotted words also open the glossary. Greek after Bekker; running English after E. M. Edghill (1928).
Expandable glossary — tap a term
οὐσία — substance / being
The first category. Primary substance (πρώτη οὐσία) is the individual: this man, this horse. Secondary substances (δεύτεραι οὐσίαι) are the species and genera in which individuals stand (man, animal). Not “stuff” in the modern sense.
ὑποκείμενον — subject / underlying thing
That of which something is said, or that in which something is present. Primary substances are the ultimate subjects.
ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ — present in a subject
Inhering in a subject, not as a part in a whole, and unable to exist separately. Accidents (a particular white, a particular grammar) are in a subject.
καθ’ ὑποκειμένου — said of a subject
Predicated of a subject as of something under it. “Man” is said of Socrates; “animal” is said of man.
λόγος — account / definition / statement
Here usually the defining account of the essence (λόγος τῆς οὐσίας). Later also “statement” as opposed to opinion (δόξα).
ὁμώνυμα — homonyms / equivocals
Same name, different defining account. A living man and a painted figure are both called ζῷον.
συνώνυμα — synonyms / univocals
Same name and the same defining account. A man and an ox are both ζῷον in one sense.
παρώνυμα — paronyms / derivatives
Named from something with a change of ending: γραμματικός from γραμματική, ἀνδρεῖος from ἀνδρεία.
εἶδος — species / form
The species under which an individual falls. More substance than the genus because nearer to the individual.
γένος — genus
The wider class containing species. Animal is the genus of man.
διαφορά — differentia
The distinguishing mark that divides a genus into species: two-footed, winged, aquatic.
ποσόν — quantity
How much. Discrete (number, speech) or continuous (line, surface, body, time, place). Distinctive mark: equal / unequal.
ποιόν / ποιότης — quality
Such-and-such-ness. Habits and dispositions, capacities, affective qualities, figure/shape. Distinctive mark: like / unlike.
πρός τι — relative
What it is is said of another, or somehow toward another: double, half, knowledge-of, slave-of.
κατηγορία — predication / category
Originally “accusation” or “predicate.” Here the ten highest kinds of what uncombined words signify.
ἐναντία — contraries
Opposites in the same genus that cannot belong together in the same respect: health/disease, white/black. Some have intermediates.
στέρησις / ἕξις — privation / possession
Blindness is privation of sight in that which ought by nature to have it, at the time it ought.
τόδε τι — a this
A determinate individual. Primary substance signifies a this; secondary substance rather a qualified substance.
συμπλοκή — combination / intertwining
Joining terms into a statement (“man runs”). Uncombined terms are neither true nor false.
ἄτομον — individual
What is one in number and not further split as a subject of species-predication: this man, this horse.
λέγεταιὧνὄνομαμόνονκοινόνare those of which the name alone is common
ὁδὲκατὰτοὔνομαλόγοςτῆςοὐσίαςἕτεροςbut the account of essence answering to the name is different
οἷονζῷονὅ τεἄνθρωποςκαὶτὸγεγραμμένονe.g. animal: both the man and the painted figure
Things named equivocally have only the name in common; the definition differs. A living man and a picture are both called “animal.”
Note on ὁμώνυμα
Keep “homonym” for the Greek technical term. Edghill’s “equivocally named” is the English doctrine. The example is deliberate: the painted ζῷον shares a name, not a nature.
ἐὰνγάρτιςἀποδιδῷτίἐστιναὐτῶνἑκατέρῳτὸζῴῳεἶναιfor if one gives what being-an-animal is for each
ἴδιονἑκατέρουλόγονἀποδώσειone will give an account proper to each
οἷονἄνθρωποςκατὰτοῦτινὸςἀνθρώπουe.g. man, said of the individual man
Note on the fourfold division
(1) Said-of, not in: species and genera of substances. (2) In, not said-of: individual accidents. (3) Both said-of and in: universal accidents (knowledge said of grammar, in the soul). (4) Neither: primary substances (this man, this horse). Individuals as such are never said-of a subject; some individuals (a particular grammar) can still be in a subject.
ἐνὑποκειμένῳλέγωὃἐντινὶμὴὡςμέροςὑπάρχονBy “in a subject” I mean what is in something not as a part
ἀδύνατονχωρὶςεἶναιτοῦἐνᾧἐστίνand cannot be apart from that in which it is
οἷονἡτὶςγραμματικὴἐντῇψυχῇτὸτὶλευκὸνἐντῷσώματιe.g. a particular grammar in the soul; a particular white in the body
τὰδὲκαὶκαθ’ὑποκειμένουλέγεταικαὶἐνὑποκειμένῳἐστίνSome are both said of a subject and in a subject
ἡἐπιστήμηἐντῇψυχῇκατὰτῆςγραμματικῆςλέγεταιknowledge is in the soul and is said of grammar
τὰδὲοὔτεἐνὑποκειμένῳοὔτεκαθ’ὑποκειμένουSome neither in a subject nor said of a subject
οἷονὁτὶςἄνθρωποςἢὁτὶςἵπποςe.g. the individual man or the individual horse
τὰἄτομακαὶἓνἀριθμῷκαθ’οὐδενὸςλέγεταιThings individual and one in number are said of nothing
Chapter 3 — Predication; differentiae
Bekker 1b10–24 · hover each Greek word
Ὅτανἕτερονκαθ’ἑτέρουκατηγορῆταιὡςκαθ’ὑποκειμένουWhen one thing is predicated of another as of a subject
ὅσακατὰτοῦκατηγορουμένουλέγεταιπάντακαὶκατὰτοῦὑποκειμένουῥηθήσεταιwhatever is said of the predicate will also be said of the subject
ἄνθρωποςκατὰτοῦτινὸςἀνθρώπουζῷονκατὰτοῦἀνθρώπουman of the individual man, animal of man
οὐκοῦνκαὶκατὰτοῦτινὸςἀνθρώπουτὸζῷονtherefore animal also of the individual man
Τῶνἑτερογενῶνκαὶμὴὑπ’ἄλληλατεταγμένωνἕτεραιτῷεἴδεικαὶαἱδιαφοραίOf different genera not ranked under one another the differentiae too differ in kind
οἷονζῴουκαὶἐπιστήμηςe.g. of animal and of knowledge
τῶνδέγεὑπ’ἄλληλαγενῶνοὐδὲνκωλύειτὰςαὐτὰςεἶναιδιαφοράςBut of genera under one another nothing prevents the same differentiae
Chapter 4 — The ten categories
Bekker 1b25–2a10 · hover each Greek word
ΤῶνκατὰμηδεμίανσυμπλοκὴνλεγομένωνἕκαστονOf things said with no combination, each
ποιεῖντέμνεινκαίεινπάσχειντέμνεσθαικαίεσθαιdoing: to cut, to burn; being-affected: to be cut, to be burned
Chapter 5 — Substance
Bekker 2a11–4b19 · hover each Greek word
ΟὐσίαἡκυριώτατάτεκαὶπρώτωςκαὶμάλισταλεγομένηSubstance said most strictly and primarily and most of all
μήτεκαθ’ὑποκειμένουλέγεταιμήτεἐνὑποκειμένῳἐστίνis neither said of a subject nor in a subject
οἷονὁτὶςἄνθρωποςἢὁτὶςἵπποςe.g. the individual man or horse
Primary substance is the individual. Secondary substances are the species and genera in which individuals exist: man, animal.
δεύτεραιδὲοὐσίαιτὰεἴδηἐνοἷςαἱπρῶταιὑπάρχουσινSecondary substances: the species in which primaries exist
καὶτὰτῶνεἰδῶνγένηἄνθρωποςκαὶζῷονand the genera of those species: man and animal
τῶνκαθ’ὑποκειμένουκαὶτοὔνομακαὶὁλόγοςκατηγορεῖταιτοῦὑποκειμένουOf things said of a subject both name and definition are predicated of the subject
τῶνδ’ἐνὑποκειμένῳτὸνμὲνλόγονἀδύνατοντοὔνομαἐνίοτεοὔOf things in a subject the definition cannot be predicated; the name sometimes can
λευκὸνσῶμαλέγεταιὁδὲτοῦλευκοῦλόγοςκατὰτοῦσώματοςοὔA body is called white; the definition of white is not said of the body
τὰἄλλαπάνταἤτοικαθ’ὑποκειμένωντῶνπρώτωνοὐσιῶνλέγεταιἢἐναὐταῖςἐστίνEverything else is either said of primary substances or present in them
μὴοὐσῶντῶνπρώτωνἀδύνατοντῶνἄλλωντιεἶναιIf primaries did not exist, nothing else could be
Why primaries are first
Remove Socrates and every individual man, and “man” and “animal” have nothing to be said of. Remove individual bodies, and color has nowhere to be. The ontological order of the treatise runs from this man upward.
τῶνδευτέρωνμᾶλλονοὐσίατὸεἶδοςτοῦγένουςἔγγιοντῆςπρώτηςOf secondaries the species is more substance than the genus: nearer the primary
γνωριμώτεροντὸνἄνθρωπονἀποδοῦναιἢτὸζῷονIt is more informative to give “man” than “animal.”
ὡςαἱπρῶταιπρὸςτὰἄλλαοὕτωτὸεἶδοςπρὸςτὸγένοςAs primaries stand to the rest, so species stands to genus
αὐτῶνδὲτῶνεἰδῶνὅσαμήἐστιγένηοὐδὲνμᾶλλονἕτερονἑτέρουοὐσίαOf species that are not genera, none is more substance than another
οὐδὲτῶνπρώτωνὁτὶςἄνθρωποςμᾶλλονοὐσίαἢὁτὶςβοῦςNor among primaries is this man more substance than this ox
μόναεἴδηκαὶγένηδεύτεραιοὐσίαιμόναδηλοῖτὴνπρώτηνOnly species and genera are secondary substances: they alone make the primary clear
κοινὸνκατὰπάσηςοὐσίαςτὸμὴἐνὑποκειμένῳεἶναιCommon to every substance: not to be in a subject
οὐκἴδιονκαὶἡδιαφορὰοὐκἐνὑποκειμένῳNot peculiar: differentia also is not in a subject
τὰμέρητῶνοὐσιῶνοὐδιὰτοῦτοοὐκοὐσίαιοὐγὰρὡςμέρηἐλέγετοτὸἐνὑποκειμένῳParts of substances are not thereby non-substances: “in a subject” excluded being-as-a-part
ὑπάρχειταῖςοὐσίαιςκαὶταῖςδιαφοραῖςτὸσυνωνύμωςἀπ’αὐτῶνλέγεσθαιFrom substances and differentiae things are said synonymously
πᾶσαοὐσίαδοκεῖτόδετισημαίνεινEvery substance seems to signify a this
ἐπὶτῶνπρώτωνἀληθέςἐπὶτῶνδευτέρωνμᾶλλονποιόντιπερὶοὐσίανTrue of primaries; of secondaries rather a qualified something about a substance
μηδὲνἐναντίοντῇοὐσίᾳοὐκἴδιονκαὶἐπὶποσοῦNo contrary to substance — not peculiar, quantity also has none
οὐκἐπιδέχεταιτὸμᾶλλονκαὶἧττονκαθ’ἑαυτήνIt does not admit more and less in itself
ἄνθρωποςοὐμᾶλλονἄνθρωποςνῦνἢπρότερονA man is not more a man now than before
μάλισταἴδιοντὸταὐτὸνκαὶἓνἀριθμῷὂντῶνἐναντίωνεἶναιδεκτικόνMost distinctive: remaining one in number, it receives contraries
ὁτὶςἄνθρωποςὁτὲμὲνλευκὸςὁτὲδὲμέλαςθερμὸςκαὶψυχρόςφαῦλοςκαὶσπουδαῖοςThis man is at one time white, at another black; hot and cold; bad and good
λόγοςκαὶδόξαδοκοῦσινἀλλ’οὐτῷαὐτὰδέχεσθαιἀλλὰτῷτὸπρᾶγμακινηθῆναιStatement and opinion seem to, but not by themselves receiving; the thing changes
The ἴδιον of substance
Color cannot be white and black while remaining that one color. Socrates can. If someone objects that “he is sitting” becomes false when he stands, Aristotle answers: the statement did not itself take on a contrary; the man changed.
Chapter 6 — Quantity
Bekker 4b20–6a35 · hover each Greek word
ΤοῦδὲποσοῦτὸμένἐστιδιωρισμένοντὸδὲσυνεχέςOf quantity one is discrete, the other continuous
τὸμὲνἐκθέσινἐχόντωνπρὸςἄλληλατῶνμορίωντὸδὲοὔsome from parts that have position toward one another, some not
διωρισμένονἀριθμὸςκαὶλόγοςσυνεχέςγραμμήἐπιφάνειασῶμαἔτιχρόνοςκαὶτόποςDiscrete: number and speech. Continuous: line, surface, body, also time and place
The parts of a number have no common boundary at which they join. Two fives make ten, but they do not meet at a limit. Speech, taken as spoken utterance, is measured by long and short syllables, each separate. A line’s parts meet at a point; a plane’s at a line; a body’s at a line or plane. Time is continuous by the now; place by the common limits of the body’s parts.
Discrete vs continuous
διωρισμένον = marked-off, discrete. συνεχές = holding-together, continuous. “Speech” (λόγος) here is spoken utterance, not the defining account of ch. 1.
ἴδιονδὲτοῦποσοῦτὸἴσοντεκαὶἄνισονλέγεσθαιDistinctive of quantity: to be called equal and unequal
τὸδὲμὴποσὸνοὐπάνυἴσονκαὶἄνισονἀλλὰμᾶλλονὅμοιονWhat is not a quantity is not called equal and unequal, but rather like
Chapter 7 — Relatives
Bekker 6a36–8b24 · hover each Greek word
ΠρόςτιτὰτοιαῦταλέγεταιRelatives are said to be such things
ὅσααὐτὰἅπερἐστὶνἑτέρωνεἶναιλέγεταιas are what they are said to be of other things
ἢὁπωσοῦνἄλλωςπρὸςἕτερονor are otherwise somehow toward another
οἷοντὸμεῖζονὅπερἐστὶνἑτέρουλέγεταικαὶτὸδιπλάσιονἑτέρουe.g. the greater is what it is of another, and the double of another
Also relatives: habit, disposition, perception, knowledge, position. A habit is a habit of something; knowledge is knowledge of something. “Large” of a mountain is large toward another. Like is like to something. Lying, standing, sitting are particular positions; position itself is a relative. The verbs are named paronymously from the positions.
ἔστιδὲκαὶἐναντιότηςἐντοῖςπρόςτιοὐπᾶσινἀρετὴκακίᾳἐπιστήμηἀγνοίᾳδιπλασίῳοὔThere is also contrariety among relatives, not in all: virtue/vice, knowledge/ignorance; not in double
καὶτὸμᾶλλονκαὶἧττονἐπ’ἐνίωνοὐκἐπὶτοῦδιπλασίουAnd more and less in some, not in the double
πάντατὰπρόςτιπρὸςἀντιστρέφονταλέγεταιAll relatives are said toward correlatives
δοῦλοςδεσπότουδεσπότηςδούλουδιπλάσιονἡμίσεοςἥμισυδιπλασίουSlave of a master, master of a slave; double of a half, half of a double
Accurate correlatives
If you relate wing to bird, reciprocity fails (many winged things are not birds). Relate wing to the winged, rudder to the ruddered, head to the headed. Coin a name if needed. Strip away “biped,” “human,” and leave only “master”: the slave-relation remains. Leave only “man,” and it vanishes.
δοκεῖἅματῇφύσειτὰπρόςτιεἶναιὡςἐπὶτὸπολὺἀληθέςRelatives seem simultaneous by nature; for the most part true
οὐκἐπὶπάντωντὸἐπιστητὸνπρότερονδόξειεντῆςἐπιστήμηςκαὶτὸαἰσθητὸντῆςαἰσθήσεωςNot in all: the knowable seems prior to knowledge, the perceptible to perception
A remaining ἀπορία: is any substance a relative? Not primary substances or their parts. Some secondary substances (head, hand) look relative if badly defined. Defined as headed / handed, the appearance lessens. If the definition of relatives was adequate, it would be true that no substance is a relative. If not, the definition must be tightened.
Chapter 8 — Quality
Bekker 8b25–11a38 · hover each Greek word
Ποιότηταλέγωκαθ’ἣνποιοίτινεςλέγονταιBy quality I mean that in virtue of which things are said to be such-and-such
ἓνμὲνεἶδοςἕξιςκαὶδιάθεσιςOne kind: habit and disposition
ἕξιςμονιμώτερονκαὶπολυχρονιώτερονἐπιστῆμαικαὶἀρεταίHabit is more stable and lasting: the sciences and the virtues
διάθεσιςεὐκίνητονθερμότηςκατάψυξιςνόσοςὑγίειαDisposition is easily moved: heat, chill, disease, health
Four kinds of quality
1. ἕξις / διάθεσις — habit and disposition. 2. δύναμις φυσική — natural capacity or incapacity (boxer, runner; healthy, sickly). 3. παθητικαὶ ποιότητες καὶ πάθη — affective qualities and affections (sweetness, heat; also colors; a blush as fleeting πάθος vs pallor as quality). 4. σχῆμα καὶ μορφή — figure and shape (straight, curved, triangular).
δεύτεροντὸδύναμινἢἀδυναμίανφυσικὴνἔχεινSecond: having a natural capacity or incapacity
τρίτονπαθητικαὶποιότητεςκαὶπάθηThird: affective qualities and affections
τέταρτονσχῆμακαὶἡπερὶἕκαστονμορφήεὐθύτηςκαμπυλότηςFourth: figure and the shape about each thing, straightness, curvedness
ποιοὶπαρωνύμωςἀπὸτῶνποιότητωνλέγονταιὡςἐπὶτὸπολύThings are called such-and-such mostly paronymously from the qualities
There is contrariety in quality (white/black, justice/injustice), not in all (yellow, red). Qualities admit more and less, though not all figures do. Distinctive mark: like and unlike are said in respect of quality.
Chapter 9 — Doing and being-affected
Bekker 11b1–16 · hover each Greek word
ΚαὶτὸποιεῖνδὲκαὶτὸπάσχεινἐπιδέχεταιἐναντιότητακαὶτὸμᾶλλονκαὶτὸἧττονDoing and being-affected admit contrariety and the more and the less
θερμαίνεινψύχεινθερμαίνεσθαιψύχεσθαικαὶμᾶλλονθερμαίνεινκαὶἧττονTo heat / to cool; to be heated / to be cooled; and more and less heating
ὑπὲρδὲτοῦποτὲκαὶτοῦποῦκαὶτοῦἔχεινοὐδὲνἄλλολέγεταιἢὅσαἐνἀρχῇAbout when, where, and having, nothing further is said beyond what was said at the start
The treatise treats action and affection briefly and then leaves place, time, and having as already sketched by examples (yesterday; in the Lyceum; being shod).
Chapter 10 — Opposites
Bekker 11b17–13b36 · hover each Greek word
ὙπὲρμὲνοὖντῶνπροτεθέντωνγενῶνἱκανάEnough, then, about the proposed genera
περὶδὲτῶνἀντικειμένωνποσαχῶςεἴωθενἀντικεῖσθαιῥητέονAbout opposites, in how many ways they are accustomed to be opposed, we must speak
τετραχῶςὡςτὰπρόςτιὡςτὰἐναντίαὡςστέρησιςκαὶἕξιςὡςκατάφασιςκαὶἀπόφασιςIn four ways: as relatives, as contraries, as privation and possession, as affirmation and negation
Outline: double / half (relatives); bad / good (contraries); blindness / sight (privation / possession); “he sits” / “he does not sit” (affirmation / negation).
Four oppositions
Relatives are explained by “of” or toward one another. Contraries are not said “of” one another. Privatives belong to the same natural subject (the eye) and at the time nature requires the possession — a newborn without teeth is not “toothless” in the privative sense. Affirmation and negation are propositions; the underlying facts (sitting / not sitting) are opposed in the same type of antithesis, but are not themselves propositions.
τὰἐναντίαὧνμηδένἐστινἀνὰμέσονἀναγκαῖονθάτερονὑπάρχειντῷδεκτικῷνόσοςὑγίειαπεριττὸνἄρτιονContraries with no intermediate: one must belong to the receptive subject — disease/health, odd/even
ὧνἔστιτιἀνὰμέσονοὐκἀνάγκηλευκὸνμέλανἀγαθὸνκακόνThose with an intermediate: no such necessity — white/black, good/bad
ἐνίωνὠνόμασταιτὸἀνὰμέσονἐνίωνὡςτὸμηδέτερονἀφορίζεταιSome intermediates have names; some are marked off as neither extreme
Chapter 11 — Contraries
Bekker 13b37–14a25 · hover each Greek word
ἘναντίονἐστὶνἀγαθῷμὲνἐξἀνάγκηςκακόνContrary to good is of necessity bad
κακῷδὲὁτὲμὲνἀγαθὸνὁτὲδὲκακόνbut to bad sometimes good and sometimes bad
τῇγὰρἐνδείᾳκακῷὄντιἡὑπερβολὴἐναντίονκακὸνκαὶαὐτήfor to deficiency, which is a bad, excess is contrary, itself also a bad
ἐνὑποκειμένῳδὲτῷαὐτῷἢεἴδειἢγένειτὰἐναντίαContraries are in the same subject, either in species or in genus
πάνταδὲτὰἐναντίαἢἐντῷαὐτῷγένειἢἐνἐναντίοιςγένεσινἢαὐτὰγένηἐστίνAll contraries are either in the same genus, or in contrary genera, or are themselves genera
White and black are in color; justice and injustice in virtue and vice as contrary genera; good and bad are themselves genera of others.
Chapter 12 — Prior
Bekker 14a26–14b23 · hover each Greek word
ΠρότερονἕτερονἑτέρουλέγεταιτετραχῶςOne thing is said to be prior to another in four ways
πρῶτονκατὰχρόνονFirst, in time
δεύτεροντὸμὴἀντιστρέφονκατὰτὴντοῦεἶναιἀκολούθησιντὸἓντῶνδύοπρότερονSecond: what does not convert in implication of being — one is prior to two
τρίτονκατὰτάξινἐπιστήμητὰστοιχεῖαπρότερατῶνδιαγραμμάτωνThird, in order: in a science the elements are prior to the diagrams
τέταρτοντὸβέλτιονκαὶτιμιώτερονFourth: the better and more honorable
δόξειεδὲκἂνἄλλοςεἶναιτρόποςτῶνἀντιστρεφόντωντὸαἴτιοντοῦεἶναιπρότεροντῇφύσειThere would seem to be yet another mode: of converting things, the cause of being is prior by nature
Example of the fifth mode: that there is a man converts with the true statement “there is a man,” but the man is cause of the statement’s being true, not the reverse.
Chapter 13 — Simultaneous
Bekker 14b24–15a12 · hover each Greek word
ἍμαλέγεταιἁπλῶςκαὶκυριώταταὧνἡγένεσιςἐντῷαὐτῷχρόνῳThings are called simultaneous simply and most strictly whose coming-to-be is in the same time
ἅμαδὲκατὰφύσινὅσαἀντιστρέφειμὲνκατὰτὴντοῦεἶναιἀκολούθησινμηδαμῶςδὲαἴτιοντὸἕτεροντῷἑτέρῳτοῦεἶναιSimultaneous by nature: whatever convert in implication of being, neither being cause of the other’s being
οἷονἐπὶτῶνδιπλασίουκαὶἡμίσεοςe.g. double and half
καὶτὰἐκτοῦαὐτοῦγένουςἀντιδιῃρημέναἄλληλαἅματῇφύσειAlso the things divided off against one another from the same genus are simultaneous by nature
πτηνὸνπεζὸνἔνυδρονἐκτοῦζῴουἀντιδιῄρηταιWinged, footed, aquatic: divided off from animal
τὰδὲγένητῶνεἰδῶνπρότεραBut genera are prior to species
Chapter 14 — Motion
Bekker 15a13–15b16 · hover each Greek word
ΚινήσεωςδέἐστινεἴδηἕξThere are six kinds of motion
γένεσιςφθοράαὔξησιςμείωσιςἀλλοίωσιςἡκατὰτόπονμεταβολήgeneration, destruction, increase, diminution, alteration, change according to place
αἱμὲνἄλλαιφανεραὶὅτιἕτεραιἀλλήλωνThe others are plainly different from one another
ἀλλοίωσιςἀπορήσειενἄντιςμὴτὴναὐτήντινιτῶνἄλλωνεἶναιSomeone might raise the difficulty that alteration is not other than one of the rest
σχεδὸνγὰρπερὶπάντατὰπάθηἀλλοιοῦσθαισυμβέβηκενFor it happens that things are altered in respect of nearly all affections
ἕτερονδέὑγιαζόμενονἢκινούμενονκατὰτόπονοὐκἀνάγκηἀλλοιοῦσθαιBut it is other: what is being healed or moved in place need not be altered
Rest is contrary to motion in general; particular rests to particular motions. Change to a contrary may be called motion toward that contrary.
Chapter 15 — Having
Bekker 15b17–32 · hover each Greek word
ΤὸἔχεινκατὰπλείοναςτρόπουςλέγεταιHaving is said in several ways
ἢγὰρὡςἕξινκαὶδιάθεσινἢἄλληντινὰποιότηταἀρετὴνἔχεινκαὶἐπιστήμηνEither as habit and disposition or some other quality: to have virtue and knowledge
ἢὡςποσόνοἷονὃτὸμέγεθοςἔχειτὸἀποδεδομένονOr as quantity, e.g. that which has the size given
ἢὡςἀμφὶτὸσῶμαἱμάτιονἢχιτῶναOr as what is about the body: a cloak or tunic
ἢὡςἐνμέρειδακτύλιονἐνχειρίOr as in a part: a ring on a hand
ἢὡςμέροςχεῖραἢπόδαOr as a part: a hand or foot
ἢὡςἐνἀγγείῳτὸνσῖτονἐντῷμέδιμνῳτὸνοἶνονἐντῷκεραμίῳOr as in a vessel: grain in the measure, wine in the jar
ἢὡςκτῆμαοἰκίανἔχομενκαὶἀγρόνOr as a possession: we have a house and a field
καὶγυναῖκαἔχεινλέγομενἀλλ’ἀλλοτριώτατοςὁνῦνῥηθεὶςτρόποςWe also say one has a wife, but that mode just mentioned is most alien
The last chapter is a short lexicon of ἔχειν, matching the eighth category’s examples (being shod, being armed) and widening them. The treatise ends without a formal peroration.
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